Smart Energy and Sustainable Environment , ISSN 2668-957X
2026, Volume 29, Issue 1
Pages 55-64

https://doi.org/10.46390/j.smensuen.29126.467

PLATINUM-BASED ELECTROCATALYSTS PREPARED BY ATOMIC LAYER DEPOSITION FOR PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS: FROM FUNDAMENTALS TO PERFORMANCE AND DURABILITY

Abstract

The Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) method has become, in the last decade, one of the most promising methods for obtaining and optimizing platinum-based electrocatalysts (Pt) for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), due to the atomic-level control over charge, dispersion and nanometer architecture. This review synthesizes the fundamentals of ALD deposition for obtaining Pt and Pt-alloy catalysts, from growth mechanisms and nucleation, precursor selection and the role of process conditions (surface chemistry, temperature, number of cycles) to their impact on the active structure and composition. Design strategies for ultra-low Pt charge catalysts, including advanced carbon support and conductive oxide depositions, as well as core-shell or Pt-skin approaches to optimize the use of the noble metal, are discussed. The paper analyzes how catalyst structure influences performance in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), highlighting how particle size, spatial distribution, degree of alloying, and lattice voltages influence mass and specific activity. Finally, limitations, current gaps, and future directions are identified, including process scaling and standardization of test protocols, to accelerate the transition of laboratory ALD catalysts to commercial PEMFC applications.

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